There were no differences in sperm quality between the two extenders therefore, it appears that either extender could be used for alpaca spermatozoa.
In conclusion, viable epididymal spermatozoa could be extracted from the castrated organs after overnight transport. Progressive motility with use of INRA96 was greater after incubating for 30 min than after incubating for 10 min (35 ± 4% vs.
Sperm total motility (mean ± SEM A: 29.1 ± 4.8 % compared with I: 35.4 ± 4.8 % NS), membrane integrity (A: 58 ± 9% compared with I: 56 ± 9% NS) and acrosome integrity (A: 65 ± 7% compared with I: 54 ± 7% NS) were not different between the two extenders. In this experiment, two semen extenders (Andromed and INRA96) developed for other species (bovine and equine, respectively) were tested with alpaca spermatozoa derived from the cauda epididymis. Castration conducted for husbandry purposes can provide a source of epididymal spermatozoa to test semen extenders or handling regimens, thus circumventing the problem of the viscous ejaculate. The technique, however, is not well developed in alpacas, partly because of the viscous nature of their seminal plasma. Accordingly, the elimination of these triggers could enhance epididymal semen freezability and consequently positively influence post-thaw semen quality and outcome for different ARTs. 
#MINITUBE VERSION 2.5.2. FULL#
Collection and cryopreservation of epididymal semen necessitates a full understanding of the function of the epididymis and of the characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa as opposed to ejaculated semen. Moreover, since it is quite common to perform castration of non-breeding dogs and cats, the development of a gene bank of epididymal semen collected after castration would greatly contribute to increase the genetic diversity in dogs and cats. We believe that better comprehension of epididymal semen collection method, quality and freezability may aid in optimizing cryopreservation and enhance different applications of ART.Ĭanine and feline epididymal semen provide an additional source of gametes to preserve the genetics of valuable breeding dogs and tomcats, especially for those that fail to ejaculate, need castration as a therapy or die unexpectedly. Therefore, in this paper, we carried out a review to list the morphological changes of spermatozoa during epididymal transit alongside with the potential that holds in the epididymal semen in dogs and cats. Although assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have been introduced in cats as a tool to preserve valuable genetics of endangered wild felids, epididymal semen cryopreservation is still suboptimal in dogs. The quality of epididymal semen is different from ejaculated semen in various animal species. For some males, preserving spermatozoa that are stored in the epididymis might be an ultimate attempt for gamete preservation. Simple Summary:& nbsp The epididymis is a source of fertile spermatozoa.
#MINITUBE VERSION 2.5.2. PC#
Small and discrete PC may not influence semen quality among adult men with fertility intention, but larger and coarser PC are associated with decreased sperm motility. The type B calculi group had a significantly higher percentage of round cell concentration than control (4.5% vs. The results of the hypo-osmotic swelling test yielded significantly lower percentages in the type B calculi group (59.88% ± 17.13%) than the type A calculi (65.28 ± 14.43% p =. The percentage of progressively motile was significantly lower for the type B calculi (31.66% ± 14.68%) group than the type A calculi (40.17% ± 17.09% p <. The total motility was significantly lower for subjects with type B calculi (41.84% ± 17.50%) than for subjects in the type A calculi (51.78% ± 20.84% p <. The clinical data of each group were collected and analyzed. Five hundred and seventy-eight men without PC were recruited for the control group. Patients with PC were classified into the type A calculi group (discrete and small echoes) and type B calculi group (coarse and large masses of multiple echoes). To investigate the correlation of prostatic calculi (PC) with semen parameters in men with fertility intention, this retrospective case–control study enrolled 1,303 participants ranging from 20 to 59 years old 725 were diagnosed with PC using abdominal ultrasonography.
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